Sjogren’s syndrome - Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

The causes of Sjogren’s syndrome remain a topic of ongoing research and investigation. Sjögren’s syndrome is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic predisposition, hormonal influences, viral infections, immune system dysfunction, and environmental triggers.

This chronic autoimmune disorder is characterized by the body’s immune system attacking its moisture-producing glands, leading to symptoms such as dry eyes and dry mouth.

Although researchers have not been able to state the exact causes, it is said that a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors may contribute to the development of Sjogren’s syndrome.

Understanding these potential triggers and risk factors is crucial in both the prevention and treatment stages. Therefore, in this article, we will explore the symptoms, treatment options and more importantly the causes of Sjogren’s syndrome.

Table of Contents

What is Sjogren’s syndrome?

Sjogren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands. Thus, leading to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other parts of the body. It can also affect other organs and cause a variety of systemic symptoms. This condition can significantly impact a person’s quality of life and may require ongoing management and treatment.

What are the Symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome?

Causes of sjogren’s syndrome — Image source: Canva

The symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome can vary widely from person to person, but commonly include:

1. Dry eyes
2. Dry mouth
3. Difficulty swallowing or speaking
4. Dental cavities and gum disease
5. Dry skin
6. Fatigue
7. Joint pain and swelling
8. Vaginal dryness
9. Persistent dry cough
10. Prolonged fatigue

What are the types of Sjögren’s syndrome?

Dry skin-Causes of sjogren’s syndrome — Image source: Canva

Sjögren’s syndrome is typically classified into two main types:

1. Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: This type of Sjögren’s syndrome occurs on its own and is not associated with any other autoimmune disorders.

2. Secondary Sjögren’s Syndrome: This type of Sjögren’s syndrome occurs in conjunction with another pre-existing autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or scleroderma.

These classifications help in understanding the different presentations and implications of Sjögren’s syndrome and can guide treatment and management strategies.

What is the root cause of Sjogren’s syndrome?

The exact root cause of Sjogren’s syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Here’s a breakdown of the potential causes:

1. Genetic Factors:

Genetic factor-Causes of sjogren’s syndrome — Image source: Canva

Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of Sjogren’s syndrome. Certain genetic variations can predispose individuals to autoimmune diseases, including Sjogren’s syndrome. These genetic factors can influence the functioning of the immune system and the body’s ability to distinguish between its own cells and potentially harmful invaders, such as viruses or bacteria.

Examples of genetic factors associated with Sjogren’s syndrome include variations in specific genes that are involved in regulating the immune response, such as certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene variants. HLA genes encode proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system’s ability to recognize foreign substances. Variations in these genes have been linked to an increased risk of developing Sjogren’s syndrome.

Additionally, variations in genes that regulate inflammation and immune cell function may also contribute to the development of Sjogren’s syndrome. These genetic factors can influence the body’s immune response, potentially leading to the immune system mistakenly attacking the body’s moisture-producing glands, which is a hallmark feature of Sjogren’s syndrome.

2. Environmental Triggers:

Environmental Triggers- Causes of sjogren’s syndrome — Image source: Canva

Environmental factors are also of the causes of Sjogren’s syndrome. So, viral infections or exposure to certain toxins, may also contribute to the development of Sjogren’s syndrome. Some studies have suggested that viral infections, particularly those affecting the salivary glands, could trigger an autoimmune response leading to Sjogren’s syndrome in susceptible individuals.

Viral infections are believed to potentially trigger Sjogren’s syndrome through a process known as molecular mimicry. This occurs when a viral infection prompts the immune system to produce antibodies to fight the virus. However, in some cases, these antibodies may also recognize and attack similar-looking proteins on the body’s own cells, leading to an autoimmune response.

In the context of Sjogren’s syndrome, it is hypothesized that a viral infection, particularly those affecting the salivary glands, may trigger an immune response that mistakenly targets the body’s moisture-producing glands. This can lead to inflammation and damage to these glands, resulting in the hallmark symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth associated with Sjogren’s syndrome.

Finally, examples of these viral infections and diseases are

Viral infections that can trigger secondary Sjögren’s syndrome include:

Hepatitis C.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV).
Epstein-Barr virus.
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV).
COVID-19.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Psoriatic arthritis.
Lupus

3. Hormonal Influence:

Hormonal influence, particularly the role of estrogen, has been implicated in the development of Sjogren’s syndrome. This condition is much more common in women than in men, and hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during menopause, may influence the onset and progression of the disease.

Estrogen, a key female sex hormone, has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects, meaning it can influence the functioning of the immune system. Fluctuations in estrogen levels, such as those experienced during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause, can impact the immune response and the body’s susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.

For example, during menopause, when estrogen levels decline, some women may experience an increased risk of developing autoimmune conditions like Sjogren’s syndrome. Estrogen has been shown to affect immune cell function, including B cells and T cells, which play a crucial role in the immune response and the development of autoimmune diseases.

Furthermore, estrogen may also influence the production of certain autoantibodies, which are antibodies that mistakenly target the body’s own tissues. In the context of Sjogren’s syndrome, hormonal influence, particularly the role of estrogen, may contribute to the dysregulation of the immune system and the development of the condition.

4. Immune System Dysfunction:

Immune system dysfunction is at the core of Sjogren’s syndrome. This condition is classified as an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. In the case of Sjogren’s syndrome, the immune system targets the moisture-producing glands, such as the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth, among others.

Examples of immune system dysfunction that can lead to causes of Sjogren’s syndrome include:

Lymphocyte Infiltration: Immune cells, particularly lymphocytes, infiltrate the moisture-producing glands, leading to inflammation and damage. This infiltration is a hallmark feature of Sjogren’s syndrome and contributes to the dysfunction of the affected glands.
Autoantibody Production: Individuals with Sjogren’s syndrome often produce autoantibodies, such as anti-SSA (Ro) and anti-SSB (La) antibodies, which target specific proteins within the body. These autoantibodies contribute to the immune system’s attack on the moisture-producing glands and are often used as diagnostic markers for the condition.
Inflammatory Responses: The immune system’s inflammatory responses play a significant role in the development and progression of Sjogren’s syndrome. Inflammation within the affected glands contributes to the symptoms of dryness and can lead to tissue damage over time.

What are Sjögren’s syndrome complications?

Sjögren’s syndrome can lead to several complications, including:

1. Dental Issues: The decreased saliva production associated with Sjögren’s syndrome can lead to an increased risk of dental cavities, gum disease, and oral infections.

2. Vision Problems: Dry eyes can cause irritation, a gritty sensation, and an increased risk of corneal damage and infection.

3. Systemic Complications: Sjögren’s syndrome can affect other parts of the body, leading to complications such as joint pain, inflammation of the lungs or liver, and an increased risk of lymphoma.

4. Decreased Quality of Life: The chronic symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome, such as dryness and fatigue, can significantly impact a person’s quality of life, leading to physical and emotional challenges.

5. Increased Risk of Other Autoimmune Diseases: Individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome have an increased risk of developing other autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

6. Neurological Complications: Some individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome may experience neurological symptoms, such as peripheral neuropathy or cognitive difficulties.

How to treat Sjögren’s syndrome?

The treatment of Sjögren’s syndrome is typically through a combination of approaches with the at relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Treatment may include:

1. Symptomatic Relief: Artificial tears, eye gels, and prescription eye drops can help alleviate dryness and irritation in the eyes. Similarly, saliva substitutes, sugar-free gum, and frequent sips of water can help manage dry mouth symptoms.

2. Medications: In some cases, medications such as pilocarpine or cevimeline may be prescribed to stimulate saliva production and alleviate dry mouth symptoms. Anti-inflammatory medications or immunosuppressants may be used to manage systemic symptoms and reduce inflammation in affected organs.

3. Dental Care: Regular dental check-ups and preventive dental care are important to manage the increased risk of dental cavities and gum disease associated with Sjögren’s syndrome.

4. Moisture Chamber Eyewear: For individuals with severe dry eye symptoms, specially designed glasses or goggles that create a moisture chamber around the eyes can provide relief.

5. Systemic Management: For individuals with systemic complications, such as joint pain or inflammation, treatment may involve working with rheumatologists or other specialists to manage these aspects of the condition.

6. Lifestyle Modifications: Making dietary changes, staying hydrated, and using humidifiers in indoor environments can help manage symptoms associated with dryness.

7. Regular Monitoring: Individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome may require regular monitoring to assess disease activity, manage potential complications, and adjust treatment as needed.

Conclusion

Causes of sjogren’s syndrome is a complex autoimmune disorder with genetic, environmental, hormonal, and immune system factors contributing to its development. Understanding the potential triggers and risk factors for this condition is crucial for both prevention and treatment strategies.

The symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome can vary widely from person to person, affecting not only the eyes and mouth but also other organs and leading to systemic complications. However, with a comprehensive approach that includes symptomatic relief, medications, dental care, and lifestyle modifications, individuals with Sjogren’s syndrome can effectively manage their symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.

FAQs

What organ fails with Sjogren’s?

Sjögren’s syndrome primarily affects the body’s moisture-producing glands, including the salivary glands and the lacrimal glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva and tears, respectively. In Sjögren’s syndrome, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages these glands, leading to symptoms of dry mouth and dry eyes. Additionally, Sjögren’s syndrome can also affect other organs and systems in the body, leading to a range of systemic symptoms and potential complications.

Does Sjögren’s syndrome ever go away?

Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic condition, meaning it does not go away. However, symptoms can be managed with treatment, and their intensity may decrease over time.