Mongolia captivates travelers with its endless steppes, nomadic traditions, and pristine wilderness. This land of Genghis Khan offers a rare glimpse into a way of life that has remained largely unchanged for centuries, set against some of the world’s most breathtaking landscapes. From the rolling dunes of the Gobi Desert to the crystal-clear waters of Lake Khövsgöl, Mongolia presents an unparalleled adventure for those willing to venture off the beaten path. Join us as we explore the 40 best places to visit in Mongolia, revealing both iconic landmarks and hidden treasures in this extraordinary country.
Natural Wonders of Mongolia
Mongolia’s diverse landscapes offer some of the most spectacular natural scenery on Earth. From vast deserts to pristine lakes, these natural wonders showcase the country’s untamed beauty.
1. Gobi Desert (Natural Wonder)
The legendary Gobi Desert spans southern Mongolia, offering a diverse landscape of sand dunes, ice canyons, and dinosaur fossil sites. Visitors can ride camels across the Khongoryn Els singing sand dunes, explore the flaming red cliffs of Bayanzag, or search for rare wildlife like the elusive snow leopard.
Tip: Visit between May and September for the most comfortable temperatures. Pack layers as desert nights can be surprisingly cold, even in summer.
2. Khövsgöl Lake (Natural Wonder)
Often called the “Blue Pearl of Mongolia,” Lake Khövsgöl contains 1% of the world’s freshwater and is surrounded by pristine taiga forests and mountains. The crystal-clear waters make it perfect for kayaking, while the surrounding national park offers excellent hiking and wildlife spotting opportunities.
Tip: The lake freezes solid in winter, creating a unique ice festival in March. Summer visitors should book accommodations well in advance as this is a popular destination for domestic tourists.
3. Altai Mountains (Natural Wonder)
The majestic Altai Mountains in western Mongolia feature snow-capped peaks, glaciers, and alpine lakes. This remote region is home to the Kazakh eagle hunters and endangered snow leopards. Trekking through these mountains offers some of Mongolia’s most spectacular scenery and cultural encounters.
Tip: Visit in October for the Golden Eagle Festival in Bayan-Ölgii, where you can witness the ancient tradition of hunting with trained eagles.
4. Khongoryn Els Sand Dunes (Natural Wonder)
Known as the “Singing Dunes” for the haunting sound they make when the wind blows across them, Khongoryn Els features some of Asia’s largest sand dunes, reaching heights of 300 meters. The contrast between the golden dunes and the surrounding green oasis creates a mesmerizing landscape perfect for photography and camel trekking.
Tip: Climb the dunes at sunrise or sunset for the most spectacular views and to hear the unique singing sound. Wear sturdy shoes as the sand gets extremely hot during midday.
5. Yolyn Am (Ice Valley)
This dramatic gorge in the Gobi Desert is known for its microclimate that allows ice to remain well into summer months. The narrow canyon with towering cliffs is home to bearded vultures and ibex. A hike through the valley reveals stunning rock formations and, depending on the season, sheets of ice in this otherwise arid region.
Tip: Visit in June to see the unusual phenomenon of ice remaining in the desert. Bring binoculars for spotting the diverse bird species that nest in the cliffs.
Historical and Cultural Sites
Mongolia’s rich history has left behind fascinating cultural landmarks that tell the story of this ancient land, from the time of Genghis Khan to Buddhist traditions.
6. Karakorum (Historical Site)
The ancient capital of the Mongol Empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1220, Karakorum was once the center of the largest land empire in history. Today, visitors can explore the ruins and the adjacent Erdene Zuu Monastery, built from the stones of the ancient city. The site offers a fascinating glimpse into Mongolia’s imperial past.
Tip: Visit the excellent museum near the ruins first to understand the historical context before exploring the site itself.
7. Erdene Zuu Monastery (Religious Site)
Built in 1586, Erdene Zuu was Mongolia’s first Buddhist monastery and once contained 100 temples with 1,000 monks. Though much was destroyed during communist purges, the remaining temples and the impressive 400-meter wall with 108 stupas (symbolic of the 108 volumes of the Kangyur) make this one of Mongolia’s most important religious sites.
Tip: Time your visit for the morning ceremonies around 10 am when monks perform rituals and chants. Remove hats when entering temples and walk clockwise around religious structures.
8. Genghis Khan Statue Complex (Monument)
Standing at 40 meters tall, this impressive stainless steel statue of Genghis Khan on horseback is the world’s largest equestrian statue. Located about 54 km from Ulaanbaatar, the complex includes a museum with artifacts from the Mongol Empire, and visitors can climb to the viewing platform on the horse’s head for panoramic views.
Tip: Visit on a clear day to enjoy the spectacular views from the observation deck on top of the horse’s head. The complex also offers traditional costume rental for unique photo opportunities.
9. Flaming Cliffs (Bayanzag)
Named by American paleontologist Roy Chapman Andrews in the 1920s, these striking red sandstone cliffs are where the first dinosaur eggs were discovered. The site continues to yield important fossils, and the fiery red glow of the cliffs at sunset makes for spectacular photography. The surrounding saxaul forest adds to the otherworldly landscape.
Tip: Visit in late afternoon when the setting sun illuminates the cliffs with a fiery red glow, giving them their name. Bring a good camera with a wide-angle lens to capture the expansive landscape.
10. Amarbayasgalant Monastery (Religious Site)
One of Mongolia’s largest and most beautiful Buddhist monasteries, Amarbayasgalant was built between 1727 and 1737 and survived the religious purges relatively intact. Set in a peaceful valley, the monastery complex features Chinese-influenced architecture and remains an active center of Buddhist worship and learning.
Tip: Stay overnight in a nearby ger camp to experience the monastery at different times of day and witness morning ceremonies. The journey here through northern Mongolia’s countryside is part of the experience.
Cities and Urban Experiences
While Mongolia is known for its vast wilderness, its cities and towns offer fascinating insights into both traditional and contemporary Mongolian life.
11. Ulaanbaatar (Capital City)
Mongolia’s capital and largest city blends Soviet-era architecture with modern developments and traditional ger districts. Key attractions include Gandantegchinlen Monastery, the National Museum of Mongolia, Sukhbaatar Square, and the Winter Palace of the Bogd Khan. The city serves as the cultural and economic hub of the country.
Tip: Use Ulaanbaatar as your base for organizing trips into the countryside. The city’s Naran Tuul (Black Market) is an excellent place to purchase traditional Mongolian clothing and souvenirs.
12. Kharkhorin (Historical Town)
The modern town near the ancient capital of Karakorum offers a glimpse into contemporary rural Mongolian life. With its local market, small museums, and proximity to historical sites, Kharkhorin makes an excellent base for exploring the cultural heartland of Mongolia.
Tip: Visit the local market to interact with residents and sample authentic Mongolian dairy products. The town is small enough to explore on foot.
13. Ölgii (Cultural Center)
The capital of Bayan-Ölgii province in western Mongolia is predominantly populated by Kazakh people, offering a unique cultural experience different from the rest of Mongolia. The town is famous for its eagle hunting traditions and serves as the gateway to the Altai Mountains.
Tip: Time your visit for the Golden Eagle Festival in October. The local museum provides excellent context on Kazakh culture and eagle hunting traditions.
Adventure and Outdoor Activities
Mongolia’s vast landscapes provide the perfect playground for adventure seekers and outdoor enthusiasts.
14. Terelj National Park (Outdoor Adventure)
Just 80 km from Ulaanbaatar, Terelj National Park features unique rock formations, lush valleys, and clear rivers. The park is famous for Turtle Rock and the Aryabal Meditation Temple. Visitors can enjoy horseback riding, hiking, and staying in traditional ger camps while experiencing nomadic culture close to the capital.
Tip: While it’s possible to visit as a day trip from Ulaanbaatar, staying overnight in a ger camp allows you to experience the park when day-trippers have left. The park is busiest on weekends when city residents visit.
15. Orkhon Valley (UNESCO Site)
This UNESCO World Heritage Site encompasses a vast cultural landscape along the Orkhon River, containing numerous archaeological remains dating back to the 6th century. The valley includes the Orkhon Waterfall, ancient Turkish monuments, and numerous nomadic camps, offering insight into 2,000 years of nomadic pastoralism.
Tip: The Orkhon Waterfall is most impressive in July and August after the rainy season. Bring good hiking shoes to explore the various archaeological sites scattered throughout the valley.
16. Hustai National Park (Wildlife)
Home to the successfully reintroduced Przewalski’s horse (takhi), the last truly wild horse species, Hustai National Park offers excellent wildlife viewing opportunities. Besides the rare horses, visitors can spot red deer, gazelles, wolves, and numerous bird species in this protected steppe ecosystem.
Tip: Visit early morning or late afternoon when the takhi horses are most active and visible. The park’s visitor center provides educational exhibits about the conservation success story.
17. Gun-Galuut Nature Reserve
This small but diverse nature reserve about 130 km from Ulaanbaatar protects wetlands, steppes, and mountains. It’s home to endangered argali sheep, white-naped cranes, and over 200 bird species. The reserve offers excellent hiking, bird watching, and fishing opportunities in a pristine environment.
Tip: Bring binoculars for bird watching around the wetlands. The reserve can be visited as a day trip from Ulaanbaatar but staying overnight allows for wildlife viewing at dawn and dusk.
Unique Mongolian Experiences
Some of Mongolia’s most memorable attractions offer experiences that can’t be found anywhere else in the world.
18. Eagle Hunting in Bayan-Ölgii
In the far western province of Bayan-Ölgii, the ancient tradition of hunting with golden eagles continues among the Kazakh people. Visitors can stay with eagle hunter families, witness training sessions, and attend the Golden Eagle Festival in October, where hunters demonstrate their skills in competition.
Tip: For an authentic experience, arrange a homestay with an eagle hunter family through local tour operators in Ölgii. Winter is the traditional hunting season when you can observe actual hunts.
19. Tsaatan Reindeer Herders
In the remote northern taiga forests near Khövsgöl Lake live the Tsaatan people, one of the world’s last reindeer-herding nomadic cultures. A visit to their camps offers insight into this unique way of life that has remained largely unchanged for centuries, with reindeer providing transportation, milk, and livelihood.
Tip: Visiting requires a multi-day horse trek or jeep journey. Bring small, useful gifts like school supplies or medicine rather than money when visiting these communities.
20. Naadam Festival
Mongolia’s most important festival celebrates the “three manly sports” of wrestling, horse racing, and archery. The national Naadam in Ulaanbaatar (July 11-13) is the largest, but smaller local Naadams throughout the country often provide more authentic experiences with greater opportunities for visitor participation.
Tip: Book accommodations months in advance if visiting during Naadam, especially in Ulaanbaatar. For a more intimate experience, seek out provincial Naadam celebrations in smaller towns.
Remote and Lesser-Known Destinations
For travelers seeking to venture beyond the typical tourist routes, these lesser-known destinations offer authentic experiences in Mongolia’s most remote regions.
21. Tavan Bogd Mountains
In Mongolia’s far west, these five sacred peaks include the country’s highest mountain, Khüiten Peak (4,374m). The area features spectacular glaciers, alpine lakes, and diverse wildlife. Trekking here offers challenging adventures and encounters with Kazakh and Tuvan nomads who summer in the valleys.
Tip: A guide is essential for this remote region. The best time to visit is July-August when mountain passes are clear of snow.
22. Great White Lake (Terkhiin Tsagaan Nuur)
This beautiful freshwater lake in central Mongolia was formed by volcanic eruptions and is surrounded by extinct volcanoes and lava fields. The area offers excellent hiking, horseback riding, and fishing opportunities. The nearby Khorgo volcano crater provides panoramic views of the surrounding landscape.
Tip: Combine a visit here with Khorgo Volcano for a comprehensive experience of this volcanic region. The lake freezes solid in winter, creating a unique landscape.
23. Darkhad Valley
This remote valley north of Lake Khövsgöl is home to the Darkhad people and offers some of Mongolia’s most pristine landscapes. Cut off by mountain passes and only accessible by 4WD vehicles or horseback, the valley features beautiful lakes, forests, and traditional nomadic communities largely untouched by tourism.
Tip: Visit in summer when mountain passes are open. Prepare for basic conditions as this area has minimal tourist infrastructure.
24. Khermen Tsav Canyon
Often compared to the Grand Canyon but visited by very few tourists, this massive red rock canyon in the southern Gobi stretches for 100 km. The area is rich in dinosaur fossils and features dramatic rock formations, hidden oases, and stunning desert landscapes without the crowds of more famous Gobi destinations.
Tip: This extremely remote location requires experienced guides and well-equipped vehicles. Plan for at least three days from the nearest town to reach and explore the canyon.
25. Uvs Nuur Basin
This UNESCO World Heritage Site in northwestern Mongolia encompasses a large salt lake and 12 smaller lakes, representing a complete range of steppe ecosystems. The area is home to endangered snow leopards, argali sheep, and numerous bird species, making it a paradise for wildlife enthusiasts.
Tip: The provincial capital of Ulaangom makes a good base for exploring the region. Bring powerful binoculars for bird watching around the lakes.
More Spectacular Places to Visit
Mongolia’s vast territory holds countless treasures for adventurous travelers. Here are more exceptional destinations to consider for your journey.
26. Dornod Steppe (Eastern Plains)
Mongolia’s eastern steppes offer vast, untouched grasslands that are home to the world’s last remaining population of wild Mongolian gazelles. This remote region features the Khalkh Gol battlefield site, Buir Lake, and the chance to spot massive gazelle herds that can number in the thousands.
Tip: Visit in May-June when the steppe is green and wildlife is most visible. This region requires self-sufficient travel as tourist facilities are minimal.
27. Otgontenger Mountain
The highest peak in the Khangai Mountains (4,021m) is considered sacred in Mongolian Buddhism and shamanism. The permanently snow-capped mountain stands out dramatically from the surrounding landscape and offers challenging climbing and hiking opportunities in a spiritually significant setting.
Tip: Permission is required to climb the mountain due to its sacred status. The surrounding area offers excellent hiking for those not attempting the summit.
28. Khyargas Nuur (Salt Lake)
This large saltwater lake in western Mongolia features crystal-clear waters, beautiful shorelines, and therapeutic mud believed to have healing properties. The surrounding area offers excellent bird watching, with flamingos occasionally spotted during migration seasons.
Tip: Combine a visit here with nearby freshwater Airag Lake for contrasting lake experiences. The area is best visited from June to August.
29. Baga Gazriin Chuluu
This granite rock formation in the middle Gobi features unusual shapes created by wind erosion, natural springs, and ancient rock drawings. The area was once home to a small monastery and was a hideout for monks during the religious purges of the 1930s. The site offers excellent hiking and rock climbing opportunities.
Tip: Visit in late afternoon when the rocks glow in the setting sun. Look for the small natural spring believed to have healing properties for eye ailments.
30. Uran Togoo-Tulga Uul Volcano
This extinct volcano complex in central Mongolia features four perfectly formed volcanic cones rising from the surrounding steppe. Visitors can hike to the crater of Uran volcano for panoramic views and explore the unique flora that grows in this volcanic soil.
Tip: The hike to the crater takes about an hour and is of moderate difficulty. The best views are in the morning when the light illuminates the volcanic cones.
Final Must-See Destinations
Complete your Mongolian adventure with these remarkable locations that showcase the country’s diverse attractions.
31. Tsenkher Hot Springs
These natural hot springs in the Khangai Mountains offer a relaxing break from the rigors of Mongolian travel. The mineral-rich waters, reaching temperatures of 86°C at their source, are believed to have healing properties for joint and nervous system ailments. Many ger camps in the area offer access to pools fed by the springs.
Tip: Visit in autumn when the surrounding forests display beautiful fall colors. Most ger camps offer both indoor and outdoor hot spring pools.
32. Gurvan Saikhan National Park
This “Three Beauties” park encompasses three mountain ranges in the Gobi and protects diverse desert ecosystems. The park includes Yolyn Am canyon, dinosaur fossil sites, and habitats for rare wildlife including ibex, argali sheep, and snow leopards.
Tip: The park visitor center provides excellent information about the region’s ecology. Allow at least three days to explore the park’s diverse attractions.
33. Khustain Nuruu National Park
Home to the successfully reintroduced Przewalski’s horse, this national park just 100 km from Ulaanbaatar protects rolling hills, steppe ecosystems, and numerous wildlife species. The park offers excellent hiking trails and the chance to observe the world’s last truly wild horses in their natural habitat.
Tip: Visit early morning or evening when the horses come to drink at water sources. The park’s visitor center offers informative displays about the conservation program.
34. Bogd Khan Mountain
This sacred mountain just south of Ulaanbaatar has been protected since 1778, making it one of the world’s oldest national parks. The mountain offers excellent hiking trails through forested slopes, Buddhist shrines, and panoramic views of the capital city from its summit.
Tip: The Manzshir Monastery ruins on the mountain’s southern slope make an interesting historical stop. The hike to the summit takes 3-4 hours from the monastery site.
35. Khermen Tsav
This remote canyon system in the southern Gobi features dramatic red cliffs, fossil sites, and unique desert ecosystems. Often compared to Arizona’s Grand Canyon but visited by very few tourists, it offers a true wilderness experience for adventurous travelers.
Tip: This extremely remote location requires experienced guides and well-equipped vehicles. Plan for at least three days from the nearest town to reach and explore the canyon.
36. Terkhin Tsagaan Lake
This freshwater “White Lake” in central Mongolia was formed by volcanic activity and is surrounded by extinct volcanoes, lava fields, and rolling steppe. The area offers excellent fishing, bird watching, and hiking opportunities in a scenic setting popular with domestic tourists.
Tip: Combine a visit here with nearby Khorgo Volcano for a comprehensive experience of this volcanic region. The lake freezes solid in winter, creating a unique landscape.
37. Khar Us Lake National Park
This large freshwater lake system in western Mongolia is an important bird habitat, supporting over 300 species including rare migratory birds. The surrounding wetlands, reed beds, and steppe landscapes offer excellent wildlife viewing opportunities in a remote setting.
Tip: Bring a good pair of binoculars and visit in spring or fall during migration seasons for the best bird watching. The provincial capital of Hovd makes a good base for exploring the area.
38. Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park
Mongolia’s largest national park encompasses diverse Gobi ecosystems including mountains, sand dunes, and gravel plains. The park protects rare wildlife and features attractions like Yolyn Am canyon, Khongoryn Els sand dunes, and important paleontological sites where dinosaur fossils continue to be discovered.
Tip: The park is vast, so plan at least 4-5 days to explore its main attractions. The best time to visit is May-June or September when temperatures are moderate.
39. Khogno Khan Mountain
This granite mountain rising from the steppe features small sand dunes, ancient monastery ruins, and excellent hiking opportunities. Located between Ulaanbaatar and Karakorum, it makes a perfect stopover when traveling between these destinations and offers a mix of desert, mountain, and steppe landscapes.
Tip: Explore the ruins of Erdene Khamba monastery, destroyed during the religious purges of the 1930s. The mountain offers several hiking trails of varying difficulty.
40. Ugii Lake
This freshwater lake in central Mongolia is a paradise for bird watchers, with over 150 species recorded including swans, geese, and rare migratory birds. The lake also offers good fishing, swimming in summer, and opportunities to visit nearby nomadic families who camp around its shores.
Tip: The lake is located near the main road between Ulaanbaatar and Karakorum, making it an easy addition to this popular route. Several ger camps around the lake offer boat rentals and fishing equipment.
Planning Your Trip to Mongolia
Essential Travel Resources
Before embarking on your Mongolian adventure, make sure you’re well-prepared with these essential travel resources:
Stay Connected: Mongolia’s vast wilderness makes staying connected challenging but essential for safety and navigation. An eSIM provides reliable data coverage throughout your journey.
Find the Best Deals: Mongolia can be an expensive destination to reach. Search for the best flight and accommodation options to maximize your travel budget.
Best Time to Visit Mongolia
Mongolia has extreme seasonal variations that significantly impact travel experiences:
- Summer (June-August): The peak tourist season with warm temperatures, lush green landscapes, and major festivals like Naadam. This is the ideal time for most travelers.
- Spring (April-May): Unpredictable weather with occasional dust storms, but fewer tourists and the opportunity to see newborn livestock.
- Autumn (September-October): Beautiful fall colors, pleasant temperatures, and the Golden Eagle Festival in October. An excellent time for photography.
- Winter (November-March): Extremely cold with temperatures dropping to -40°C, but offering unique experiences like the ice festival on Lake Khövsgöl and clear, pristine landscapes.
Practical Travel Tips
Transportation
- Internal flights connect major cities but are limited and often delayed.
- For remote areas, 4WD vehicles with experienced drivers are essential.
- Public transportation is limited outside Ulaanbaatar.
- Consider joining organized tours for logistical simplicity.
Accommodation
- Traditional ger camps offer authentic experiences throughout the countryside.
- Ulaanbaatar has options ranging from hostels to luxury hotels.
- Book accommodations well in advance during summer and festival periods.
- Consider homestays with nomadic families for cultural immersion.
Conclusion
Mongolia offers an unparalleled travel experience for those seeking adventure, cultural immersion, and pristine natural landscapes. From the vast Gobi Desert to ancient monasteries, from nomadic encounters to wildlife watching, the Land of the Eternal Blue Sky presents a journey like no other. Whether you’re galloping across endless steppes, climbing massive sand dunes, or sharing airag (fermented mare’s milk) with nomadic families, Mongolia will leave you with memories to last a lifetime.
The 40 destinations highlighted in this guide represent just a fraction of what this extraordinary country has to offer. Mongolia rewards those who venture off the beaten path with authentic experiences and breathtaking scenery that few travelers ever witness. As tourism continues to develop, now is the perfect time to explore this last great wilderness before it changes forever.
Begin planning your Mongolian adventure today and discover why this land of nomads, horses, and endless horizons captures the imagination of travelers from around the world.
