Mauritania, a vast and captivating country in West Africa, remains one of the world’s most underexplored travel destinations. With its endless Saharan dunes, ancient caravan towns, vibrant coastal areas, and rich cultural heritage, this nation offers intrepid travelers an authentic adventure far from the beaten path. From the medieval libraries of Chinguetti to the bird-rich wetlands of Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania’s diverse landscapes and historical treasures await discovery. This comprehensive guide takes you through the 70 most remarkable places to visit across this fascinating country, providing essential insights for planning an unforgettable Mauritanian journey.
Ancient Desert Cities and Historical Sites
1. Chinguetti
Often called Mauritania’s crown jewel, Chinguetti is a UNESCO World Heritage site and was once a vital center of Islamic scholarship. This ancient desert town features stunning stone architecture, narrow winding streets, and several important manuscript libraries. Located in the Adrar region, Chinguetti’s buildings emerge dramatically from the encroaching sand dunes that constantly threaten to reclaim the town.
2. Ouadane
Another UNESCO-listed ancient town, Ouadane was an important trading post on trans-Saharan routes. Its crumbling stone ruins tell the story of centuries of desert commerce. Situated on a rocky plateau in the Adrar region, visitors can explore the fascinating old town with its maze-like streets and the remains of the 14th-century mosque.
3. Oualata
Known for its distinctive colorful geometric façades and intricate designs, Oualata represents some of the most beautiful traditional architecture in West Africa. This remote eastern town near the Mali border was once a thriving center of Islamic learning and desert trade.
4. Tichit
One of Mauritania’s oldest settlements, Tichit features unique architecture using colored stone in geometric patterns. The town’s impressive mosque with its distinctive tower dominates the landscape. Located in central Mauritania, it forms part of the ancient Ksour (fortified villages) UNESCO World Heritage site.
5. Koumbi Saleh
The archaeological remains of what was once the capital of the Ghana Empire, Koumbi Saleh offers a glimpse into medieval West African history. Located in southeastern Mauritania, these ruins represent one of the region’s most significant historical sites.
6. Azougui
This historical settlement was once the capital of the Almoravid Empire before they expanded northward to Morocco and Spain. Located near Atar, visitors can explore ancient ruins and the nearby tomb of a revered Islamic scholar.
7. Aoudaghost
An archaeological site that was once a major terminus of the trans-Saharan gold trade. Located in southern Mauritania, these ruins provide insights into the region’s commercial importance during medieval times.
8. Ksar El Barka
A well-preserved fortified village showcasing traditional Mauritanian desert architecture. Located in the Adrar region, its mud-brick structures and defensive walls offer a glimpse into historical desert life.
Natural Wonders and Landscapes
9. Richat Structure (Eye of the Sahara)
This massive geological formation, visible from space, resembles a giant eye in the desert. The concentric rings of the Richat Structure create one of Earth’s most unusual landscapes. Located near Ouadane in the Adrar region, this 40-kilometer-wide formation is best appreciated from a scenic flight.
10. Banc d’Arguin National Park
A UNESCO World Heritage site, this coastal park hosts one of the world’s most important bird sanctuaries. Millions of migratory birds visit these shallow waters and mudflats annually. Located along the Atlantic coast between Nouakchott and Nouadhibou, it’s also home to traditional Imraguen fishing communities.
11. Terjit Oasis
A stunning desert oasis with palm groves and freshwater springs flowing from rocky cliffs. The contrast between the lush vegetation and surrounding desert makes this a magical spot. Located near Atar in the Adrar region, it offers a refreshing respite from the desert heat.
12. Diawling National Park
A wetland ecosystem teeming with birds, mammals, and reptiles. The park’s diverse habitats include acacia forests, mangroves, and floodplains. Located in southwestern Mauritania along the Senegal River, it’s an important conservation area for regional biodiversity.
13. Arguin Island
A historic island that was once the site of a Portuguese trading post and later a Dutch settlement. Now part of Banc d’Arguin National Park, it features beautiful beaches and rich marine life. Located off the Atlantic coast, it’s accessible by boat from Nouadhibou.
14. Guelb er Richat
The central dome of the Richat Structure, offering spectacular views across this geological wonder. Hiking to the summit provides a different perspective of this mysterious formation. Located in the Adrar region, it’s a challenging but rewarding trek.
15. Kediet ej Jill
Mauritania’s highest mountain at 915 meters, featuring dramatic dark rock formations against the desert landscape. Located near Zouérat in northern Mauritania, it’s surrounded by iron ore deposits that give the area its distinctive appearance.
16. Amatlich Erg
A vast sea of sand dunes offering classic Saharan landscapes and spectacular sunsets. Located in central Mauritania, these dunes provide some of the country’s most photogenic desert scenery.
Coastal and Urban Attractions
17. Nouakchott
Mauritania’s capital and largest city offers a glimpse into contemporary Mauritanian life. Key attractions include the bustling Port de Pêche (fishing harbor), the National Museum, and the impressive Saudi Mosque. Located on the Atlantic coast, it serves as the main gateway to the country.
18. Port de Pêche
Nouakchott’s vibrant fishing harbor where hundreds of colorful wooden boats (pirogues) land their daily catch. The market atmosphere is chaotic, authentic, and unforgettable. Located in the western part of Nouakchott, it’s best visited in the early morning when boats return.
19. Nouadhibou
Mauritania’s second-largest city and economic capital, known for its fishing industry and as the terminus of the iron ore train. The city offers a different perspective on urban Mauritanian life. Located on the Cabo Blanco Peninsula near the Western Sahara border.
20. Cap Blanc Peninsula
A scenic peninsula near Nouadhibou featuring dramatic cliffs and beaches. It’s home to one of the world’s last Mediterranean monk seal colonies. Located at Mauritania’s northwestern tip, it offers spectacular Atlantic Ocean views.
21. Port de l’Amitié
Nouakchott’s main commercial port, built with Chinese assistance (hence the name “Port of Friendship”). It offers an interesting glimpse into Mauritania’s maritime commerce. Located in the southwestern part of Nouakchott.
22. Plage de Nouakchott
The capital’s main beach stretches for kilometers along the Atlantic. While swimming can be dangerous due to strong currents, it’s a popular spot for walks and gathering. Located west of central Nouakchott.
23. Cansado
A colonial-era settlement near Nouadhibou with interesting architecture reflecting its Spanish heritage. The town offers a unique historical perspective. Located on the Cap Blanc Peninsula.
24. Ship Graveyard
An eerie collection of abandoned and rusting ships near Nouadhibou. This unusual site has become an unintentional tourist attraction. Located in Nouadhibou Bay, it’s visible from various points around the city.
Cultural Experiences and Living Traditions
25. Trarza Region Nomadic Camps
Experience traditional Mauritanian hospitality by staying with nomadic families in their desert camps. Learn about their way of life, enjoy traditional meals, and witness age-old customs. Located in the southwestern Trarza region, these authentic experiences can be arranged through local guides.
26. Imraguen Fishing Villages
Visit the traditional fishing communities of the Imraguen people, known for their unique symbiotic relationship with wild dolphins during fishing. Located within Banc d’Arguin National Park, these villages maintain ancient fishing practices.
27. Chinguetti Libraries
Explore the private manuscript libraries of Chinguetti, housing thousands of ancient Islamic texts on astronomy, mathematics, and religion. Several family-owned libraries in Chinguetti offer guided tours of their precious collections.
28. Adrar Music Festival
If timing permits, experience this celebration of traditional Mauritanian music featuring instruments like the tidinit (lute) and ardine (harp). Held annually in the Adrar region, the festival showcases the country’s rich musical heritage.
29. Kaédi Cultural Center
A hub for traditional arts and crafts in southern Mauritania, offering insights into the diverse cultural influences in this region. Located in Kaédi town along the Senegal River, it showcases the blend of Arab, Berber, and sub-Saharan traditions.
30. Oualata Painted Houses
Beyond just viewing the famous painted façades, visitors can meet the women artisans who create and maintain these intricate designs. Workshops in Oualata sometimes offer opportunities to learn about these traditional techniques.
31. Nouakchott Craft Market
Browse traditional Mauritanian crafts including silver jewelry, leather goods, and textiles at this central market. Located in downtown Nouakchott, it’s the best place to purchase authentic souvenirs.
32. Guerrero Nomad Festival
An annual gathering celebrating nomadic culture with camel races, traditional music, and dance. Held in the desert region north of Nouakchott, this festival offers a window into Mauritania’s nomadic heritage.
Adventure and Off-the-Beaten-Path Destinations
33. Iron Ore Train Journey
Experience one of the world’s most adventurous train rides on the 700km railway connecting the iron mines of Zouérat with Nouadhibou port. Travelers can ride in passenger cars or atop the iron ore in open wagons for a truly unforgettable desert crossing. The train departs daily from both Nouadhibou and Zouérat.
34. Tagant Plateau
A dramatic landscape of rocky escarpments, hidden valleys, and prehistoric rock art sites. Less visited than the Adrar region, it offers solitude and stunning scenery. Located in central Mauritania, south of Adrar.
35. Bir Moghrein
The northernmost town in Mauritania, offering a true frontier experience in the remote desert. Located near the borders with Western Sahara and Algeria, it’s a challenging destination for adventurous travelers.
36. Tidjikja
An ancient oasis town with a well-preserved old quarter featuring traditional architecture. Located in central Mauritania, it’s known for its date palms and historical importance.
37. Aioun el Atrouss
A southeastern town offering insights into life in the Sahel transition zone between desert and savanna. Located in the Hodh El Gharbi region, it’s a center for nomadic trade.
38. Akjoujt
A mining town surrounded by unusual copper-colored mountains and ancient rock art sites. Located in western Mauritania, it offers interesting geological landscapes.
39. El Beyedh Plateau
A remote highland area featuring dramatic rock formations, seasonal waterfalls, and prehistoric sites. Located in the northern Adrar region, it requires experienced guides to explore.
40. Zemmour Region
The extreme northern territory bordering Algeria and Western Sahara, offering true wilderness experiences. This remote region features stark desert landscapes and requires special permits and experienced guides.
Oases and Water Features
41. Mhaireth Oasis
A picturesque palm-fringed oasis with natural pools perfect for swimming. The dramatic contrast between the water, greenery, and surrounding desert makes this a photographer’s dream. Located in the Adrar region, it’s often included in desert tours from Atar.
42. Toungad Oasis
A serene desert oasis featuring ancient date palms and freshwater springs. The small settlement here maintains traditional oasis agriculture. Located in the Adrar region, northeast of Atar.
43. Rachid Oasis
One of the largest oasis complexes in the Adrar region, with extensive palm groves and traditional irrigation systems. Located east of Atar, it demonstrates sophisticated desert agriculture techniques.
44. N’Terert
A hidden oasis nestled between dramatic rock formations, offering cool shade and water. Located in the Adrar region, it requires a short hike to access.
45. Senegal River Valley
The fertile southern border region offering a stark contrast to the desert landscapes of northern Mauritania. Lush agriculture, diverse wildlife, and distinctive cultural traditions characterize this area along the border with Senegal.
46. Lac d’Aleg
A seasonal lake that attracts numerous bird species and supports local fishing communities. Located in southern Mauritania, it’s an important freshwater resource in the semi-arid region.
47. Lac de Mal
A desert lake surrounded by dunes, creating spectacular reflections at sunrise and sunset. Located in the eastern region, its size varies dramatically with seasonal rainfall.
48. Gueltas of Molomhar
Natural rock pools in the mountains that collect precious water, supporting unique ecosystems. Located in the Tagant region, these water features are vital to local wildlife and nomadic communities.
Religious and Spiritual Sites
49. Grand Mosque of Chinguetti
One of West Africa’s oldest continuously operating mosques, dating back to the 13th century. Its simple yet powerful stone architecture exemplifies traditional Saharan mosque design. Located in the center of Chinguetti’s old town.
50. Saudi Mosque
Nouakchott’s largest and most impressive mosque, featuring modern Islamic architecture. While non-Muslims may not enter, the exterior is worth viewing. Located in central Nouakchott.
51. Ouadane Mosque
The partially restored 14th-century mosque stands as the centerpiece of Ouadane’s old town. Its minaret offers views across the ancient settlement. Located in the heart of Ouadane’s UNESCO-listed old quarter.
52. Tomb of Sidi Ahmed Ould Aida
An important pilgrimage site near Terjit where a revered Sufi saint is buried. The simple structure attracts religious visitors from across the region. Located just outside Terjit oasis.
53. Koumbi Saleh Mosque Ruins
The remains of what was once a grand mosque in the medieval capital of the Ghana Empire. These archaeological ruins provide insights into early Islamic architecture in West Africa. Located at the Koumbi Saleh archaeological site.
54. Zawiya of Shaykh Sidiya
A traditional Islamic school and spiritual center founded by an influential 19th-century scholar. It continues to be an important religious institution. Located in the Trarza region of southwestern Mauritania.
55. Tichit Mosque
Known for its distinctive architecture with triangular window spaces and crenulated tower. This historic mosque remains the spiritual center of Tichit. Located in the heart of Tichit’s old town.
56. Mahadra of Boutilimit
A traditional Islamic school where students learn through memorization and oral tradition. These schools have preserved Mauritania’s religious scholarship for centuries. Located in Boutilimit town in southwestern Mauritania.
Archaeological Sites and Ancient History
57. Amogjar Pass Rock Art
Prehistoric paintings and engravings depicting humans, animals, and daily life from thousands of years ago. These well-preserved artworks provide a window into the Sahara’s green past. Located in the mountain pass between Atar and Chinguetti.
58. Azougui Archaeological Site
The ruins of the first Almoravid capital before they expanded their empire northward. Excavations have revealed defensive structures and evidence of early Islamic settlement. Located near Atar in the Adrar region.
59. Dhar Tichitt Archaeological Sites
A collection of stone settlements dating back to 2000 BCE, representing some of West Africa’s earliest organized communities. Located in central Mauritania, these sites feature stone dwellings and defensive walls.
60. Akreijit
Ancient stone structures and settlements that are among the oldest in the Sahara. Archaeological evidence suggests sophisticated early communities. Located in the Tagant region of central Mauritania.
61. Aguenit Rock Art
Prehistoric engravings depicting wildlife that once inhabited the region when the Sahara was green. These artworks provide insights into environmental change. Located in southern Mauritania near the Mali border.
62. El Ghallaouiya
A site featuring hundreds of ancient stone tumuli (burial mounds) scattered across the desert landscape. These mysterious structures date back thousands of years. Located in the northern Adrar region.
63. Naukchott Prehistoric Shell Middens
Ancient shell mounds created by early coastal inhabitants, containing archaeological evidence of prehistoric life. Located along the coast near Nouakchott, they demonstrate early human adaptation to coastal environments.
64. Bir Moghrein Meteorite Field
An area where numerous meteorites have been discovered, attracting scientific interest and visitors. Located in the far north of Mauritania, it’s one of Africa’s richest meteorite fields.
Markets and Commercial Centers
65. Marché Capitale
Nouakchott’s main market offers everything from fresh produce to electronics, textiles, and traditional crafts. The bustling atmosphere provides insights into daily Mauritanian life. Located in central Nouakchott, it’s best visited in the morning hours.
66. Atar Market
The commercial hub of the Adrar region, where desert products, handicrafts, and supplies for desert travel can be found. The market is especially active when desert caravans arrive. Located in central Atar.
67. Nouadhibou Fish Market
A vibrant display of Atlantic marine life where the day’s catch is auctioned and sold. The variety of seafood and the auction process make for a fascinating visit. Located near the port in Nouadhibou.
68. Rosso Border Market
A bustling cross-border trading point between Mauritania and Senegal where goods from both countries are exchanged. Located in Rosso town on the Senegal River, it offers insights into regional commerce.
69. Kiffa Bead Market
The place to find traditional Kiffa beads, distinctive glass beads made using ancient techniques specific to this region. Located in Kiffa town in southern Mauritania, it’s a center for this unique craft.
70. Zouérat Mining Town
While primarily industrial, this northern town offers a glimpse into Mauritania’s important mining sector. The massive iron ore operations here drive a significant portion of the national economy. Located in northern Mauritania, it’s the starting point of the famous iron ore train.
Practical Travel Tips for Mauritania
Best Time to Visit
The ideal time to visit Mauritania is between November and February when temperatures are most comfortable. Summer months (May-September) bring extreme desert heat, often exceeding 40°C (104°F). The Atlantic coast remains cooler year-round, while inland areas experience dramatic temperature fluctuations between day and night.
Transportation
Mauritania’s transportation infrastructure is limited but improving. For long distances, consider domestic flights between major cities. Shared taxis and minibuses connect towns, though schedules can be unpredictable. For desert exploration, 4×4 vehicles with experienced drivers are essential. The legendary iron ore train offers a unique (if challenging) travel experience between Nouadhibou and Zouérat.
Accommodation
Accommodation options range from basic guesthouses to mid-range hotels in major cities like Nouakchott and Nouadhibou. In smaller towns, expect simple facilities with limited amenities. Desert oases often offer camping or basic lodging in traditional structures. Advance booking is recommended during the peak season (December-January).
Cultural Etiquette
Mauritania is a conservative Islamic country. Visitors should dress modestly, with shoulders and knees covered. Women should consider bringing a headscarf for visiting religious sites. Always ask permission before photographing people. During Ramadan, avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in public during daylight hours. Learning a few Arabic greetings will be greatly appreciated by locals.
Safety Considerations
Check current travel advisories before planning your trip, as some regions may have security concerns. Register with your embassy upon arrival. Avoid the extreme northern and eastern border regions. Travel with reputable guides, especially in remote areas. Carry sufficient water and emergency supplies when traveling in the desert. Most Mauritanians are extremely hospitable and helpful to visitors.
Plan Your Mauritania Adventure
Stay Connected During Your Journey
Mauritania’s remote landscapes make staying connected challenging but essential for safety and navigation. An eSIM provides reliable connectivity without hunting for local SIM cards upon arrival.
Find the Best Travel Deals
Planning a trip to Mauritania requires careful logistics. Secure the best prices on international flights to Nouakchott or Nouadhibou and book comfortable accommodations in advance for peace of mind.
Mauritania offers intrepid travelers an authentic glimpse into a fascinating corner of West Africa where ancient traditions meet stunning natural landscapes. From the shifting sands of the Sahara to the bustling fish markets of the coast, this underexplored nation rewards those willing to venture off the beaten path. With proper preparation and an adventurous spirit, your journey through Mauritania will create memories to last a lifetime.
