Vatican City, the smallest sovereign state in the world, packs an incredible wealth of artistic treasures, spiritual significance, and historical wonders into its 44 hectares. Despite its tiny size, this independent city-state within Rome attracts millions of visitors each year who come to marvel at its Renaissance masterpieces, sacred sites, and architectural splendors. Whether you’re planning a religious pilgrimage or a cultural exploration, our comprehensive guide to the 50 best places to visit in Vatican City will help you discover both famous landmarks and hidden gems.
Before we dive into the magnificent attractions that await you, it’s worth noting that staying connected during your Vatican adventure is essential for navigation, translation, and sharing your experiences. Get an Egypt eSIM to stay connected throughout your Mediterranean journey without worrying about expensive roaming charges. Now, let’s explore the treasures of this remarkable city-state!
1. Sistine Chapel
The Sistine Chapel stands as perhaps the most renowned artistic achievement within Vatican City. This sacred space, where papal conclaves are held to elect new popes, houses Michelangelo’s breathtaking ceiling frescoes completed between 1508 and 1512. The iconic scenes depicting stories from Genesis, including the famous “Creation of Adam,” represent one of humanity’s greatest artistic accomplishments.
Beyond the ceiling, the chapel’s walls feature works by other Renaissance masters like Botticelli and Perugino, while Michelangelo’s powerful “Last Judgment” dominates the altar wall. Visitors are often struck by the vibrant colors of these masterpieces, which were meticulously restored to reveal their original brilliance. Photography is strictly prohibited inside, encouraging visitors to be fully present with these extraordinary works.
Visitor Tip: The chapel can become extremely crowded, especially during peak tourist seasons. Consider booking an early morning or evening tour to experience this masterpiece with fewer people. Silence is requested inside the chapel, creating a contemplative atmosphere despite the crowds.
2. St. Peter’s Basilica
St. Peter’s Basilica stands as the crown jewel of Vatican City and one of Christianity’s most sacred sites. This magnificent Renaissance church, built over the tomb of St. Peter, the first pope, took over 120 years to complete and represents the collaborative genius of artists including Michelangelo, Bernini, and Bramante.
Upon entering, visitors are immediately greeted by Michelangelo’s moving Pietà sculpture, depicting Mary holding the body of Jesus. As you proceed through the vast interior, you’ll encounter Bernini’s spectacular bronze baldachin over the papal altar and countless artistic treasures adorning every corner. The basilica’s dome, designed by Michelangelo, remains an architectural marvel that dominates Rome’s skyline.
Visitor Tip: A strict dress code is enforced – shoulders and knees must be covered for both men and women. Arrive early to avoid long security lines, especially during peak season. While entry to the basilica is free, audio guides are available for a small fee and provide valuable context to the artwork and history.
3. Vatican Museums
The Vatican Museums house one of the world’s most extensive and significant art collections, spanning thousands of years of human creativity. Founded by Pope Julius II in the early 16th century, these interconnected museums contain approximately 70,000 works, of which about 20,000 are on display across 54 galleries.
From ancient Egyptian artifacts to contemporary religious art, the museums offer a journey through human artistic expression. Highlights include the Raphael Rooms, the Gallery of Maps with its stunning topographical depictions of Italy, and the Collection of Modern Religious Art featuring works by Matisse and DalÃ. The museums culminate in the Sistine Chapel, making them an essential stop on any Vatican itinerary.
Visitor Tip: The museums are vast and can easily require 3-4 hours to explore properly. Consider booking skip-the-line tickets in advance to avoid waiting, which can exceed two hours during peak season. Audio guides are available in multiple languages and provide valuable context to the collections.
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4. St. Peter’s Square
St. Peter’s Square (Piazza San Pietro) serves as the magnificent entrance to the Vatican and St. Peter’s Basilica. Designed by Bernini between 1656 and 1667, this elliptical plaza embraces visitors with its massive colonnades, symbolizing “the maternal arms of the Church” extending to welcome the faithful and the world.
The square features an ancient Egyptian obelisk at its center, transported to Rome by Emperor Caligula in 37 CE, as well as two beautiful fountains. From this vantage point, visitors can appreciate the grandeur of St. Peter’s Basilica’s façade and dome. The square regularly hosts papal audiences and is where the faithful gather to receive the Pope’s blessing during special occasions.
Visitor Tip: Visit early in the morning to experience the square without crowds and capture beautiful photographs. If you’re interested in seeing the Pope, check the Vatican’s official schedule for public audiences, typically held on Wednesdays when the Pope is in Rome.
5. Vatican Gardens
The Vatican Gardens occupy nearly half of Vatican City’s territory, offering a serene retreat from the bustling museums and basilica. These meticulously maintained gardens date back to the 13th century when they were established by Pope Nicholas III. Today, they blend Italian, French, and English landscaping styles across 23 hectares of lush greenery.
Within these verdant grounds, visitors discover Renaissance fountains, medieval fortifications, and modern sculptures alongside rare botanical specimens. The gardens also house important Vatican institutions, including the Vatican Radio station and the papal residence. One highlight is the Our Lady of Lourdes grotto, a replica of the famous French shrine built in 1902.
Visitor Tip: Access to the gardens is only possible through guided tours, which must be booked well in advance through the Vatican Museums website. These tours often include privileged access to areas not open to general visitors, making them well worth the additional cost.
6. Vatican Necropolis
Deep beneath St. Peter’s Basilica lies the Vatican Necropolis, an ancient Roman cemetery dating from the 1st to 4th centuries CE. This archaeological treasure was discovered during excavations in the 1940s and is believed to contain the tomb of St. Peter himself, making it one of Christianity’s most significant historical sites.
The necropolis features remarkably preserved mausoleums, frescoes, mosaics, and inscriptions that offer fascinating insights into both pagan and early Christian burial practices. Visitors descend through multiple levels of history, passing through the Vatican Grottoes before reaching the necropolis approximately 10 meters below the basilica’s floor.
Visitor Tip: Access is strictly limited to 250 visitors per day and requires advance reservation through the Excavations Office (Ufficio Scavi). Tours last approximately 90 minutes and are not recommended for those with mobility issues or claustrophobia due to narrow passages and stairs.
7. Apostolic Palace
The Apostolic Palace serves as the official residence of the Pope and the primary administrative center of the Catholic Church. This massive complex contains the Papal Apartments, Vatican Library, various government offices, and several of the Vatican Museums’ most important collections, including the renowned Raphael Rooms and Borgia Apartment.
While much of the palace remains private, visitors can explore significant portions through the Vatican Museums. The palace’s exterior is recognizable for the balcony overlooking St. Peter’s Square, from which newly elected popes make their first appearance and deliver blessings on special occasions. The building’s architecture represents centuries of development, with contributions from masters like Raphael, Michelangelo, and Bernini.
Visitor Tip: The Apostolic Palace contains some of the Vatican’s most crowded attractions, particularly the Raphael Rooms. Consider visiting during the museums’ extended evening hours (available on select days) for a less congested experience.
8. Raphael Rooms
The Raphael Rooms (Stanze di Raffaello) represent one of the most extraordinary artistic achievements within the Vatican Museums. Located in the Apostolic Palace, these four rooms were originally intended as a suite of reception rooms for Pope Julius II and were decorated by Raphael and his workshop between 1508 and 1524.
Each room contains spectacular frescoes depicting theological and philosophical themes. The most famous is the Stanza della Segnatura, featuring “The School of Athens,” which brilliantly portrays ancient Greek philosophers in a Renaissance architectural setting. Other rooms include the Room of Heliodorus, the Room of the Fire in the Borgo, and the Room of Constantine, each showcasing Raphael’s mastery of composition, color, and narrative.
Visitor Tip: These rooms are often crowded with tour groups. Take your time and be patient, moving between the groups to appreciate the details. Look for Raphael’s self-portrait in “The School of Athens” – he appears as the figure of Apelles, the ancient Greek painter, in the lower right corner.
9. Vatican Apostolic Library
The Vatican Apostolic Library stands as one of the world’s oldest and most significant repositories of human knowledge. Formally established in 1475 by Pope Sixtus IV, though its origins date back earlier, this remarkable institution houses over 1.6 million printed books, 150,000 manuscript volumes, and 8,600 incunabula (books printed before 1501).
While the library’s research collections are accessible only to qualified scholars, visitors can admire the magnificent Sistine Hall and other public spaces through the Vatican Museums. The library contains countless treasures, including the Codex Vaticanus (one of the oldest Bible manuscripts), ancient papyri, illuminated medieval manuscripts, and correspondence from historical figures throughout the centuries.
Visitor Tip: The library’s Sistine Hall (not to be confused with the Sistine Chapel) features spectacular frescoes and displays of notable manuscripts. Look for the special exhibitions that occasionally showcase rare items from the library’s collection not normally visible to the public.
10. Gallery of Maps
The Gallery of Maps (Galleria delle Carte Geografiche) stretches an impressive 120 meters through the Vatican Museums, creating one of its most visually striking corridors. Commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII in 1580, this gallery features 40 detailed frescoed maps depicting the Italian regions and papal territories as they existed in the 16th century.
Created by Ignazio Danti, a Dominican monk and renowned geographer, these topographical masterpieces combine scientific accuracy with artistic beauty. Each map shows the territory’s major cities, rivers, and mountains, while the spectacular ceiling displays scenes from the lives of saints associated with each region. The gallery represents an important milestone in the history of cartography and offers fascinating insights into Renaissance Italy.
Visitor Tip: The afternoon sun streaming through the windows creates ideal lighting conditions for appreciating and photographing the maps’ details. Take time to notice how the maps are oriented – with east at the top rather than north, following medieval mapping conventions.
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11. Bramante Staircase
The Bramante Staircase actually refers to two different spiral staircases in the Vatican Museums. The original, designed by Donato Bramante in 1505, was an innovative double helix structure that allowed people and pack animals to ascend and descend without meeting. This architectural marvel connected the Belvedere Palace with the outside world.
The modern Bramante Staircase, designed by Giuseppe Momo in 1932, echoes the original’s double helix concept and serves as the exit staircase for the Vatican Museums. This newer version, with its elegant bronze handrail and natural lighting, has become one of the most photographed architectural elements in the Vatican. The original Bramante Staircase is typically only accessible through special tours.
Visitor Tip: For the best photographs of the modern staircase, position yourself at the top looking down to capture its full spiral effect. The original Bramante Staircase can sometimes be visited with special “behind the scenes” Vatican tours that must be booked well in advance.
12. Vatican Grottoes
The Vatican Grottoes represent a sacred underground level between St. Peter’s Basilica’s main floor and the ancient Vatican Necropolis below. This solemn space contains the tombs of numerous popes from throughout history, including recent pontiffs like John Paul II (before his beatification and subsequent relocation to the main basilica).
These atmospheric chambers also house important religious relics, monuments to royal figures, and remnants of the original 4th-century basilica built by Emperor Constantine. The grottoes provide a powerful connection to the Church’s history, with burial sites spanning from the early centuries of Christianity to modern times.
Visitor Tip: Access to the grottoes is free but can involve waiting in line. Enter through the passage near the Pier of St. Andrew inside the basilica. Photography is permitted in most areas, but visitors are asked to maintain a respectful silence befitting this burial place.
13. Vatican Pinacoteca
The Vatican Pinacoteca (Picture Gallery) houses the Vatican’s collection of panel paintings and canvases, spanning from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Established in its current form in 1932, this museum contains approximately 460 paintings displayed chronologically across 18 rooms.
The collection features masterpieces by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Caravaggio, Titian, and many other renowned artists. Highlights include Raphael’s “Transfiguration” (his final work), Leonardo’s unfinished “St. Jerome in the Wilderness,” and Caravaggio’s powerful “Entombment of Christ.” The Pinacoteca offers a more traditional museum experience compared to the frescoed halls of other Vatican collections.
Visitor Tip: The Pinacoteca is often less crowded than other sections of the Vatican Museums, offering a more relaxed viewing experience. Art enthusiasts should allocate at least an hour to appreciate the collection properly. The museum provides benches in most rooms, allowing visitors to sit and contemplate the masterpieces.
14. St. Peter’s Dome
Climbing to the top of St. Peter’s Dome (Cupola) offers one of Rome’s most spectacular experiences and views. Designed by Michelangelo and completed after his death by Giacomo della Porta, this architectural marvel rises 136 meters above the basilica floor and dominates Rome’s skyline.
The ascent involves 551 steps if taken entirely on foot, though an elevator option eliminates the first 231 steps. The climb becomes increasingly narrow and sloped as you approach the top, following the dome’s curvature. Along the way, visitors can admire the dome’s interior mosaics up close before emerging onto the external viewing platform that encircles the lantern, offering a 360-degree panorama of Vatican City and Rome.
Visitor Tip: The climb is not recommended for those with claustrophobia, heart conditions, or mobility issues. For the best lighting conditions and fewer crowds, ascend early in the morning. Bring water, especially during summer months, as the dome’s upper sections can become quite warm.
15. Niccoline Chapel
The Niccoline Chapel, located in the Apostolic Palace, represents one of the Vatican’s artistic gems that many visitors overlook. Commissioned by Pope Nicholas V (hence the name “Niccoline”) in the mid-15th century, this intimate chapel features exquisite frescoes by Fra Angelico and his assistants depicting the lives of St. Stephen and St. Lawrence.
These luminous paintings exemplify the transition between Gothic and Renaissance styles, combining religious devotion with humanistic elements. Fra Angelico’s masterful use of color, perspective, and emotional expression earned him the nickname “Angelic Painter.” The chapel’s relatively small size allows visitors to appreciate the frescoes’ details at close range.
Visitor Tip: The Niccoline Chapel is only accessible through special tours of the Vatican Museums that must be booked in advance. These limited-access tours often include other restricted areas as well, making them valuable for art enthusiasts seeking a deeper Vatican experience.
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16. Papal Altar and Bernini’s Baldachin
The Papal Altar (Altar of the Confession) in St. Peter’s Basilica stands directly above what is believed to be the tomb of St. Peter. This sacred spot represents the spiritual heart of the basilica and is reserved exclusively for the Pope’s use. Above this altar rises Bernini’s spectacular baldachin, a 29-meter-tall bronze canopy supported by four twisted columns.
Completed between 1624 and 1633, the baldachin marks the intersection of the basilica’s nave and transept, creating a visual focus that draws the eye upward toward Michelangelo’s dome. The structure’s elaborate Baroque design includes laurel branches, bees (the emblem of Pope Urban VIII’s Barberini family), and angels. The bronze used in its construction was partly sourced from the Pantheon’s portico, prompting the famous saying: “What the barbarians did not do, the Barberini did.”
Visitor Tip: For the best view of the baldachin’s intricate details, position yourself at various points around the basilica’s central area. The play of light throughout the day creates different effects on the bronze surface.
17. Vatican Mosaic Studio
The Vatican Mosaic Studio (Studio del Mosaico Vaticano), established in 1727, represents one of the world’s oldest and most prestigious mosaic workshops. Located in a modest building near the Pope’s residence, this working studio is responsible for creating and restoring the thousands of mosaics that adorn St. Peter’s Basilica and other Vatican structures.
The studio’s artisans continue centuries-old techniques, working with a palette of approximately 28,000 different colors of glass and stone tesserae. Their creations range from faithful reproductions of famous paintings to original works commissioned for diplomatic gifts. The workshop maintains a small exhibition area and shop where visitors can purchase mosaic pieces, though these high-quality artworks command premium prices.
Visitor Tip: The studio is not open to general visitors, but access can be arranged through specialized Vatican tours that must be booked well in advance. These exclusive tours offer a fascinating glimpse into traditional craftsmanship that few tourists experience.
18. Sala Rotonda
The Sala Rotonda (Round Hall) in the Vatican Museums was designed to echo the Pantheon’s architecture, featuring a domed ceiling and circular floor plan. Constructed in the late 18th century under Pope Pius VI, this impressive chamber houses monumental ancient Roman sculptures and an enormous porphyry basin excavated from Nero’s Golden House.
The room’s floor features an elaborate mosaic created using pieces recovered from ancient Roman villas, while the dome contains gilded coffers similar to the Pantheon’s design. The niches around the perimeter display colossal statues including the renowned “Hercules in Gilt Bronze” and a massive portrait of Zeus. The central basin, measuring 13 meters in circumference, is carved from a single piece of rare porphyry stone.
Visitor Tip: Take time to look down as well as around – the intricate floor mosaic depicts mythological scenes and classical motifs that complement the sculptures. The acoustics in this circular room create interesting sound effects that you can notice when the room momentarily quiets between tour groups.
19. Gregorian Etruscan Museum
The Gregorian Etruscan Museum (Museo Gregoriano Etrusco) offers a fascinating window into the pre-Roman civilization that flourished in central Italy from the 8th to 3rd centuries BCE. Founded by Pope Gregory XVI in 1837, this museum houses one of the world’s most important collections of Etruscan artifacts, primarily sourced from archaeological excavations in the papal territories north of Rome.
The collection includes remarkably well-preserved terracotta sarcophagi, bronze sculptures, intricate gold jewelry, and ceramic vessels that demonstrate the Etruscans’ artistic sophistication. Particularly notable is the Regolini-Galassi Tomb collection, featuring elaborate gold ornaments that once adorned a high-status Etruscan woman. The museum provides crucial context for understanding Italy’s cultural development before Roman dominance.
Visitor Tip: This museum is often less crowded than other sections of the Vatican Museums, allowing for a more relaxed viewing experience. Look for the famous “Mars of Todi,” a life-sized bronze warrior statue that represents one of the finest examples of Etruscan sculpture.
20. Gregorian Egyptian Museum
The Gregorian Egyptian Museum (Museo Gregoriano Egizio) houses the Vatican’s impressive collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts. Established by Pope Gregory XVI in 1839, this museum displays objects spanning thousands of years of Egyptian civilization, from the pre-dynastic period through the Roman era.
The collection includes elaborately decorated sarcophagi, well-preserved mummies, monumental statues of pharaohs and deities, and everyday objects that provide insights into ancient Egyptian life. Notable highlights include the vivid wall paintings from the Tomb of Seti I and statues from Emperor Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli, which reflect the Roman fascination with Egyptian culture.
Visitor Tip: Look for the reconstructed tomb chamber that gives visitors a sense of ancient Egyptian burial practices. The museum provides an interesting counterpoint to the Vatican’s Christian art collections, demonstrating the institution’s commitment to preserving diverse cultural heritage.
21. Swiss Guard Quarters
The Pontifical Swiss Guard, founded in 1506, serves as the world’s smallest and oldest standing army, responsible for the Pope’s safety and Vatican security. These guards, who must be Catholic Swiss men between 19-30 years old and at least 174 cm tall, are instantly recognizable by their distinctive Renaissance-inspired uniforms of blue, red, and yellow – colors traditionally associated with the Medici family.
While the guards’ private quarters are not open to the public, visitors can observe them at their posts throughout Vatican City, particularly at the entrances to the Apostolic Palace and St. Peter’s Basilica. The colorful changing of the guard ceremony provides an opportunity to appreciate their precision and discipline. On May 6th each year, new recruits are sworn in during a special ceremony commemorating the guards who died protecting Pope Clement VII during the 1527 Sack of Rome.
Visitor Tip: The Swiss Guards are working security professionals, not tourist attractions, though they are accustomed to being photographed. Always ask permission before taking close-up photos, and remember that they are authorized to refuse entry to visitors who don’t meet dress code requirements or behave inappropriately.
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22. Borgia Apartment
The Borgia Apartment consists of six rooms within the Apostolic Palace that served as the private residence of the controversial Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) in the late 15th century. These sumptuous chambers feature spectacular frescoes by Bernardino di Betto, known as Pinturicchio, and his workshop, completed between 1492 and 1494.
The rooms’ decorative program combines religious scenes, allegorical figures, and mythological elements, all executed with vibrant colors and extensive use of gold leaf. Particularly notable is the Room of the Saints, featuring stories of Egyptian Saint Catherine and other martyrs, and the Room of the Sibyls, with its depictions of prophets and sibyls. After Alexander VI’s death, subsequent popes avoided these rooms due to their association with the controversial Borgia family, inadvertently helping preserve the frescoes.
Visitor Tip: Look for the unusual depictions of Native Americans in the Room of the Saints – among the earliest European portrayals of New World inhabitants, painted shortly after Columbus’s voyages. The rooms now display part of the Vatican’s Collection of Modern Religious Art, creating an interesting juxtaposition of Renaissance and contemporary works.
23. Sala della Biga
The Sala della Biga (Hall of the Chariot) takes its name from the ancient Roman marble chariot (biga) that serves as its centerpiece. This circular hall within the Vatican Museums houses an important collection of Greek and Roman sculptures related to athletics and sports in the classical world.
The marble chariot, dating from the 1st century CE with significant 18th-century restorations, creates a dramatic focal point around which statues of athletes, discus throwers, and wrestlers are arranged. These sculptures reflect the classical ideal of physical perfection and provide insights into ancient sporting competitions. The room itself features elegant neoclassical architecture with columns and a coffered ceiling.
Visitor Tip: Take time to circle the room completely, as the statues are designed to be viewed from multiple angles. Note that only the basin of the chariot is ancient – the rest was reconstructed in the 18th century, demonstrating period restoration practices.
24. Chiaramonti Museum
The Chiaramonti Museum, established by Pope Pius VII (born Barnaba Chiaramonti) in the early 19th century, houses one of the world’s largest collections of Roman portrait sculptures. This long gallery displays approximately 1,000 ancient works, primarily busts and statues arranged chronologically, offering a fascinating visual history of Roman portraiture from the Republican era through the late Empire.
The collection is particularly valuable for understanding how Roman art evolved over centuries and how portraiture reflected changing political and social conditions. Many of these sculptures were excavated from the papal territories during the 18th and 19th centuries. The museum’s simple, elegant design by Antonio Canova creates an ideal setting for appreciating these classical works.
Visitor Tip: This gallery is often less crowded than other sections of the Vatican Museums, allowing for a more contemplative experience. Look for the subtle differences in artistic styles between Republican-era portraits, with their realistic depictions of age and character, and later Imperial portraits that increasingly idealized their subjects.
25. Sala a Croce Greca
The Sala a Croce Greca (Hall of the Greek Cross) derives its name from its Greek cross floor plan and serves as an impressive gateway between the Vatican Museums’ classical sculpture collections and the Pio-Clementine Museum. This monumental space houses some of the largest and most significant ancient sarcophagi in the Vatican’s collection.
The hall’s centerpieces are two enormous porphyry sarcophagi: one belonging to Emperor Constantine’s daughter, Constantina, and the other to Empress Helena, Constantine’s mother. These massive tombs, carved from rare purple porphyry stone imported from Egypt, feature intricate relief carvings of cherubs harvesting grapes and military scenes. The room’s architecture, with its domed ceiling and classical elements, complements these imperial treasures.
Visitor Tip: Take time to examine the elaborate mosaic floor, which incorporates ancient Roman designs discovered during 18th-century excavations. The room’s acoustics create interesting sound effects that you might notice during quieter moments between tour groups.
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26. Gallery of Tapestries
The Gallery of Tapestries (Galleria degli Arazzi) showcases an extraordinary collection of 16th-century woven masterpieces. This 75-meter-long corridor within the Vatican Museums displays massive tapestries created by the workshop of Pieter van Aelst in Brussels, based on cartoons (full-scale designs) by Raphael’s students.
These monumental textiles depict scenes from the life of Christ and the Acts of the Apostles, executed with astonishing detail and vibrant colors that have been remarkably preserved. Particularly famous is “The Resurrection of Christ,” which features an optical illusion – Christ’s eyes appear to follow viewers as they move through the gallery. The tapestries represent the height of Renaissance textile art and were originally created to decorate the lower walls of the Sistine Chapel on special occasions.
Visitor Tip: Look for the tapestry depicting the “Massacre of the Innocents,” which contains a striking optical illusion – a child’s legs appear to move as you walk past. The tapestries’ colors are most vibrant when viewed from a slight distance rather than up close.
27. Sala degli Animali
The Sala degli Animali (Hall of Animals) contains one of the world’s most remarkable collections of ancient animal sculptures. Established in the late 18th century by Pope Pius VI, this unique gallery within the Pio-Clementine Museum displays approximately 150 statues of animals, both real and mythological, carved from various colored marbles and stones.
The collection includes lions, horses, deer, centaurs, griffins, and numerous other creatures, many of which were excavated from Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli. These sculptures demonstrate the ancient Romans’ keen observation of animal anatomy and their symbolic use of animals in art and mythology. The room is divided into two sections by columns, with mosaics adorning the floor and an elaborately decorated ceiling.
Visitor Tip: Look for the ancient polychrome mosaics depicting hunting scenes on the floor, which complement the three-dimensional animal sculptures. Notice how different colored marbles were selected to represent the natural coloration of various animals – a sophisticated artistic technique in ancient sculpture.
28. Room of the Immaculate Conception
The Room of the Immaculate Conception (Sala dell’Immacolata) celebrates the Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, which holds that Mary was conceived without original sin. This richly decorated chamber was commissioned by Pope Pius IX following his 1854 proclamation of this doctrine as Catholic dogma.
The room features a cycle of frescoes by Francesco Podesti completed between 1856 and 1865. These paintings depict the proclamation ceremony itself, biblical scenes related to Mary, and allegorical representations of the virtues. The elaborate ceiling, ornate gilded decorations, and marble elements create a sumptuous setting that reflects the importance of Marian devotion in Catholic tradition.
Visitor Tip: This room is located near the Raphael Rooms but is often overlooked by visitors rushing toward the Sistine Chapel. Take a moment to appreciate this 19th-century artistic expression of Catholic theology, which provides an interesting contrast to the Renaissance works nearby.
29. Carriage Pavilion
The Carriage Pavilion (Padiglione delle Carrozze) offers a fascinating glimpse into papal transportation through the centuries. Located in the Vatican Museums, this collection displays historic carriages, automobiles, sedan chairs, and other vehicles used by popes from the 16th century to modern times.
Highlights include the ornate Gran Gala Berline carriage built for Pope Leo XII in 1826, featuring exquisite gilded woodwork and silk upholstery, and several “Popemobiles” – the modified vehicles used for papal public appearances in recent decades. The exhibition also includes papal saddlery, livery, and other transportation-related artifacts that illustrate how papal mobility has evolved alongside technological developments.
Visitor Tip: This exhibition is located in a separate section of the Vatican Museums and is sometimes overlooked by visitors focused on the art collections. It provides an interesting historical perspective on how popes have navigated their public role over centuries.
30. Chapel of Nicholas V
The Chapel of Nicholas V (Cappella Niccolina) is a small private chapel within the Apostolic Palace decorated with exquisite frescoes by Fra Angelico between 1447 and 1451. Commissioned by Pope Nicholas V, this intimate space features scenes from the lives of St. Stephen and St. Lawrence, two early Christian deacons and martyrs.
Fra Angelico’s luminous paintings combine Gothic spirituality with Renaissance innovations in perspective and naturalism. The artist’s masterful use of color and light creates a serene atmosphere, while architectural details in the frescoes reflect the humanist interests of Pope Nicholas V, a noted scholar and founder of the Vatican Library. The chapel represents an important transition point between medieval and Renaissance artistic sensibilities.
Visitor Tip: This chapel is only accessible through special tours of the Vatican Museums that must be booked in advance. Its limited access and small size make it a particularly intimate art experience compared to the more crowded Vatican attractions.
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31. Papal Audience Hall
The Papal Audience Hall (Aula Paolo VI), also known as the Paul VI Audience Hall or Nervi Hall, is a modern auditorium designed by architect Pier Luigi Nervi and completed in 1971. This distinctive building, located partially in Vatican territory and partially in Italian territory, hosts the Pope’s weekly general audiences during colder or rainy months when outdoor gatherings in St. Peter’s Square aren’t practical.
The hall’s most striking feature is its curved, dramatically cantilevered roof and unusual acoustics that allow the Pope’s voice to reach the entire 6,300-seat auditorium without amplification. The stage area features a massive bronze sculpture titled “The Resurrection” by Pericle Fazzini, depicting Christ rising from a nuclear crater – a powerful statement on modern anxieties and spiritual hope.
Visitor Tip: Tickets for papal audiences are free but must be reserved in advance through the Prefecture of the Papal Household or through Catholic parishes and institutions in Rome. Arrive early (at least 1-2 hours before the scheduled start) to secure good seats, as tickets don’t guarantee specific seating.
32. Vatican Radio Station
Vatican Radio, founded in 1931 by Guglielmo Marconi himself, serves as the official broadcasting service of the Holy See. This influential media organization transmits in multiple languages to an estimated audience of millions worldwide, broadcasting papal messages, Catholic news, and religious programming.
While the station’s main production facilities are located within Vatican City, its powerful transmitters are situated at Santa Maria di Galeria, about 10 miles north of Rome on extraterritorial property belonging to the Holy See. The radio station played a crucial role during World War II, broadcasting messages from families searching for missing relatives, and continues to serve as an important communication channel for the Catholic Church globally.
Visitor Tip: The radio station’s headquarters are not generally open to tourists, but visitors can sometimes arrange special tours through Catholic organizations or educational institutions. The Vatican’s multimedia presence has expanded to include Vatican News, which offers online content and social media engagement.
33. Vatican Pharmacy
The Vatican Pharmacy (Farmacia Vaticana) holds the distinction of being the world’s oldest operating pharmacy, established in 1874, though earlier papal apothecaries existed for centuries before. Located near the Sant’Anna Gate, this unique establishment serves Vatican residents, employees, and visitors with prescription medications, over-the-counter remedies, and specialty products.
Despite its historic status, the pharmacy features modern facilities and offers products that can be difficult to find elsewhere in Italy, often at prices lower than Italian pharmacies due to the Vatican’s special tax status. The pharmacy also maintains a small museum section displaying historic pharmaceutical instruments and preparations that illustrate the evolution of medical practice.
Visitor Tip: The pharmacy is open to the public (not just Vatican residents), but you’ll need to show identification to enter. It’s an excellent place to purchase quality skincare products, baby items, and over-the-counter medications at competitive prices. Non-prescription items can be purchased without any special documentation.
34. Vatican Post Office
The Vatican Post Office (Poste Vaticane) operates as an independent postal system, issuing its own stamps and maintaining separate postal agreements with countries worldwide. Often considered more efficient than the Italian postal service, Vatican mail is a popular way for visitors to send postcards and letters with the unique Vatican City postmark.
The main post office is located on the right side of St. Peter’s Square under the colonnade, with additional branches inside the Vatican Museums and near the Vatican pharmacy. Vatican stamps are renowned for their artistic quality and have become collectors’ items, with new commemorative issues regularly released to mark significant events, saints’ celebrations, and papal milestones.
Visitor Tip: Sending a postcard from the Vatican makes for a memorable souvenir. Purchase Vatican stamps rather than Italian ones (they cannot be used interchangeably), and be sure to mail items from the Vatican post boxes (yellow) rather than Italian ones (red). Stamp collectors can purchase special commemorative sets and first-day covers.
35. Vatican Observatory
The Vatican Observatory (Specola Vaticana) represents one of the oldest astronomical research institutions in the world, with origins dating back to the 16th century reforms of the Gregorian calendar. This scientific arm of the Holy See demonstrates the Church’s engagement with astronomical research and its effort to reconcile faith with scientific inquiry.
While the observatory’s headquarters remain in Vatican City, its primary research telescopes are now located at the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope in Arizona, USA, to avoid Rome’s light pollution. The observatory is staffed by Jesuit astronomers who conduct research on stellar spectroscopy, cosmology, and other astronomical fields. Their work continues a long tradition of Catholic contributions to astronomy, including those of figures like Copernicus and Galileo.
Visitor Tip: The observatory’s Vatican headquarters are not generally open to tourists, but the observatory occasionally hosts special events and exhibitions about its work. Visitors with a serious interest in astronomy can contact the observatory in advance to inquire about possible educational visits.
36. Vatican Gardens Fountains
The Vatican Gardens feature numerous ornate fountains that combine artistic beauty with refreshing functionality. These water features, dating from various periods from the Renaissance through the 20th century, create focal points throughout the gardens and demonstrate the evolution of fountain design over centuries.
Among the most notable is the Eagle Fountain (Fontana dell’Aquila), featuring a bronze eagle – the heraldic symbol of the Borghese family – atop a decorative basin. The Galera Fountain resembles a miniature naval vessel with water jets shooting from its cannons. Other fountains incorporate mythological figures, religious symbolism, and geometric designs that complement the gardens’ landscaping and provide cooling effects during Rome’s hot summers.
Visitor Tip: The fountains are best viewed during guided Vatican Gardens tours, which must be booked in advance. Morning tours often provide the best lighting conditions for photography, with the sun illuminating the water jets and sculptural elements.
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37. Casina Pio IV
The Casina Pio IV (Villa Pia) is an exquisite Renaissance villa nestled within the Vatican Gardens that now serves as the headquarters for the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Built between 1558 and 1562 as a summer residence for Pope Pius IV, this architectural gem represents one of the finest examples of Renaissance villa design in Rome.
The building features elegant facades adorned with classical motifs, relief sculptures, and decorative elements by prominent artists of the period. Its interior contains beautifully frescoed rooms and stucco decorations that reflect the humanist culture of the Renaissance papacy. The villa’s courtyard includes a fountain and decorative elements that create a harmonious dialogue between architecture and nature.
Visitor Tip: The Casina is visible during Vatican Gardens tours, though interior access is generally limited to those attending academic conferences or events hosted by the Pontifical Academy. The building’s exterior and courtyard can be photographed from designated viewing areas during garden tours.
38. Mater Ecclesiae Monastery
The Mater Ecclesiae Monastery gained international attention when Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI chose it as his residence following his historic resignation in 2013. This modest building, established in 1994 by Pope John Paul II, was originally created to house contemplative nuns who would pray for the Pope and the Church.
Located within the Vatican Gardens, the monastery features a simple chapel, living quarters, and a garden where Benedict XVI spent his retirement years in prayer and study until his death in 2022. The building’s relatively modern construction contrasts with many of the Vatican’s Renaissance and Baroque structures, though it maintains a traditional religious architectural style.
Visitor Tip: The monastery is not open to visitors, but it can be viewed from certain vantage points during Vatican Gardens tours. Its historical significance as the residence of the first pope to resign in nearly 600 years makes it an important landmark in contemporary Church history.
39. Institute for the Works of Religion (Vatican Bank)
The Institute for the Works of Religion (Istituto per le Opere di Religione), commonly known as the Vatican Bank, serves as the financial institution of the Holy See. Founded in 1942, this unique bank operates within Vatican City’s sovereign territory and provides financial services primarily to Catholic institutions, clergy, employees of the Holy See, and diplomatic missions.
The bank is housed in a relatively modest building within Vatican City, with its main offices located in the medieval Tower of Nicholas V. Unlike typical commercial banks, the Institute for the Works of Religion focuses on safeguarding and administering assets dedicated to religious works and charity rather than maximizing profits. In recent years, the bank has undergone significant reforms to increase transparency and comply with international financial standards.
Visitor Tip: The bank is not open to tourists, and its operations remain largely private. However, understanding its role provides insight into how the world’s smallest state manages its financial affairs and supports the global mission of the Catholic Church.
40. Vatican Printing Office
The Vatican Printing Office (Tipografia Vaticana) has been responsible for producing official Vatican publications since the 16th century. This historic institution prints everything from the daily L’Osservatore Romano newspaper to papal encyclicals, official Vatican documents, and liturgical texts distributed worldwide.
While embracing modern digital printing technology, the printing office maintains some traditional techniques for special editions and ceremonial documents. Its facilities include both contemporary presses and historic equipment that represent centuries of printing evolution. The printing office works closely with the Vatican Library and Secret Archives to produce scholarly publications and facsimiles of historic manuscripts.
Visitor Tip: The printing office is not generally open to tourists, but visitors can purchase its products, including the daily Vatican newspaper L’Osservatore Romano, at newsstands within Vatican City. Special commemorative publications are often available during significant Church events.
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41. Cortile della Pigna
The Cortile della Pigna (Pinecone Courtyard) is a large open space within the Vatican Museums named after its centerpiece – a massive 4-meter-tall Roman bronze pinecone sculpture that once stood near the Pantheon. Dating from the 1st or 2nd century CE, this monumental pinecone originally functioned as a fountain and now stands in a niche designed by Bramante.
The courtyard also features a striking modern addition: Arnaldo Pomodoro’s “Sphere within Sphere” (Sfera con Sfera), a large bronze globe with fractured outer layers revealing a complex inner structure. This contemporary sculpture creates an interesting dialogue with the ancient pinecone and the Renaissance architecture surrounding the courtyard. Two peacock sculptures flanking the pinecone are copies of ancient bronzes that once adorned Hadrian’s Mausoleum.
Visitor Tip: This courtyard provides a welcome open-air respite during a Vatican Museums visit. It’s an excellent place to rest, take photographs, and appreciate the juxtaposition of ancient, Renaissance, and modern art. The courtyard often receives beautiful natural lighting, making it particularly photogenic.
42. Porta Santa (Holy Door)
The Porta Santa (Holy Door) at St. Peter’s Basilica is a special entrance that is sealed with bricks and only opened during Jubilee Years, which traditionally occur every 25 years or during extraordinary occasions declared by the Pope. The current bronze door, created by Vico Consorti in 1950, features 16 panels depicting scenes of sin and redemption.
When a Jubilee Year is proclaimed, the Pope ceremonially opens the door with a silver hammer, symbolizing the extraordinary path of salvation opened to the faithful during this special time. According to Catholic tradition, pilgrims who pass through the Holy Door during a Jubilee Year and fulfill certain spiritual conditions can receive a plenary indulgence – the remission of temporal punishment for sins.
Visitor Tip: Outside of Jubilee Years, the Holy Door is sealed but visible from the exterior of the basilica. The most recent ordinary Jubilee was the Great Jubilee of 2000, while an Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy was held in 2015-2016. The next ordinary Jubilee is scheduled for 2025.
43. Atrium of St. Peter’s Basilica
The Atrium (or narthex) of St. Peter’s Basilica serves as a monumental entrance hall that prepares visitors for the sacred space within. Designed by Carlo Maderno in the early 17th century, this impressive portico features a coffered ceiling, marble floors, and statues of Charlemagne and Constantine the Great – emperors who played crucial roles in Church history.
The atrium’s most notable features are its five doorways leading into the basilica. The central bronze doors, created by Antonio Averulino (known as Filarete) in the 15th century, depict scenes from the lives of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and Saints Peter and Paul. To the far right is the Holy Door, opened only during Jubilee Years. The space creates a transitional zone between the secular world of the piazza and the sacred interior of the basilica.
Visitor Tip: Take time to examine the bronze central doors, which include small panels showing mythological scenes alongside biblical ones – an interesting reflection of Renaissance humanism. The atrium also provides shelter during rain and a quieter space to prepare for entering the basilica itself.
44. Sala Regia
The Sala Regia (Royal Hall) is a magnificent state reception hall located between the Sistine Chapel and the Pauline Chapel in the Apostolic Palace. Designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger in the 16th century, this impressive space was created for the reception of kings and royal ambassadors to the papal court.
The hall features spectacular frescoes by Vasari, Salviati, and other mannerist painters depicting significant events in papal history, including the Battle of Lepanto and the reconciliation between Pope Alexander III and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The room’s elaborate stucco work, marble doorways, and coffered ceiling create an atmosphere of papal grandeur intended to impress visiting dignitaries.
Visitor Tip: The Sala Regia is accessible during special extended Vatican Museums tours that include the “secret rooms” of the Apostolic Palace. When visiting the Sistine Chapel with standard museum tickets, you’ll pass through a different route that bypasses this hall.
45. Pauline Chapel
The Pauline Chapel (Cappella Paolina) serves as the Pope’s private chapel within the Apostolic Palace and contains the last frescoes painted by Michelangelo. Commissioned by Pope Paul III in 1542, this sacred space features two massive wall paintings depicting the Conversion of St. Paul and the Crucifixion of St. Peter – works that Michelangelo completed in his late 60s and early 70s.
These powerful frescoes represent Michelangelo’s mature style, with dramatic compositions and emotional intensity that prefigure Baroque art. Unlike the vibrant colors of the nearby Sistine Chapel, these works employ a more subdued palette and demonstrate the artist’s late-career focus on spiritual expression over technical display. The chapel continues to function as a place of prayer and houses the Blessed Sacrament before it is transferred to St. Peter’s Basilica during papal conclaves.
Visitor Tip: The Pauline Chapel is not included in standard Vatican Museums tours and can only be visited through special extended tours that must be booked well in advance. These frescoes underwent extensive restoration completed in 2009, revealing details obscured by centuries of candle smoke.
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46. Sala Ducale
The Sala Ducale (Ducal Hall) consists of two connected ceremonial rooms in the Apostolic Palace that serve as antechambers to the more formal Sala Regia. Originally designed in the 16th century, these elegant spaces were used for the reception of ambassadors and less formal diplomatic meetings than those held in the adjacent Royal Hall.
The rooms feature beautiful frescoed ceilings, ornate stucco work, and decorative elements that have been modified and enhanced by various popes over the centuries. During papal conclaves, these halls serve practical functions related to the election process. The space exemplifies the Renaissance papal court’s blend of spiritual authority and temporal power through its refined architectural language.
Visitor Tip: Like the Sala Regia, the Sala Ducale is only accessible through special extended Vatican Museums tours. The rooms’ proportions and decorations provide interesting insights into Renaissance court ceremonial and the visual expression of papal authority.
47. Vatican Historical Museum
The Vatican Historical Museum (Museo Storico Vaticano) offers fascinating insights into the papacy’s temporal role throughout history. Located in the Lateran Palace until 1970 and now housed in the Apostolic Palace, this museum displays artifacts related to the papal court, ceremonial objects, and items documenting the Vatican’s historical development.
The collection includes elaborate papal tiaras and jewelry, ceremonial weapons, historic Swiss Guard uniforms, and the sedia gestatoria (portable papal throne) used to carry popes in processions until the late 20th century. Visitors can also see gifts presented to popes by world leaders, historical documents, and items related to the Vatican’s governance of the Papal States before Italian unification in 1870.
Visitor Tip: This museum receives fewer visitors than the Vatican’s art collections, offering a more relaxed viewing experience. History enthusiasts will appreciate the insights into the papacy’s evolution as both a spiritual and temporal institution over the centuries.
48. Vatican Numismatic Museum
The Vatican Numismatic Museum houses an impressive collection of coins, medals, and other monetary items related to papal history. Established in the 16th century and significantly expanded in the 18th century, this specialized museum contains over 100,000 items spanning from ancient Roman times to the present day.
The collection includes papal coins minted when popes ruled the Papal States, commemorative medals issued to mark significant events in Church history, and modern Vatican euro coins. These numismatic treasures provide unique insights into economic history, artistic developments in medallic art, and the changing political status of the papacy through the centuries.
Visitor Tip: This museum appeals particularly to those with an interest in numismatics or economic history. Look for the special commemorative medals that were traditionally created for each year of a pope’s reign, featuring portraits and symbols that reflect the artistic styles of their respective periods.
49. Vatican Ethnological Museum
The Vatican Ethnological Museum (Museo Etnologico Vaticano) houses a remarkable collection of approximately 80,000 artifacts from cultures around the world. Founded following the 1925 Universal Missionary Exhibition, this museum reflects the global reach of Catholic missionary activity and the Church’s engagement with diverse cultures.
The collection includes religious and cultural objects from Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Americas, and indigenous cultures worldwide. Many items were gifts to popes from various nations or were collected by missionaries during their global work. The museum’s approach emphasizes respect for cultural diversity while exploring connections between different religious expressions and Catholic tradition.
Visitor Tip: This museum offers a different perspective from the European art focus of most Vatican collections. Look for the fascinating pre-Columbian artifacts from the Americas and the extensive collection of indigenous Australian art, which includes both traditional and contemporary pieces.
50. Vatican Philatelic Museum
The Vatican Philatelic Museum showcases the history of Vatican postal services and the artistic beauty of Vatican stamps since their first issuance in 1929. Located within the Vatican Museums complex, this specialized collection appeals to stamp enthusiasts and those interested in the miniature art form that postal stamps represent.
The museum displays stamps, postal stationery, and related items chronologically, demonstrating how Vatican stamp designs reflect significant events in Church history, commemorate saints and religious milestones, and showcase artistic styles from traditional to contemporary. Visitors can also see printing plates, artist’s proofs, and the evolution of stamp production techniques over the decades.
Visitor Tip: Philatelists should also visit the Vatican Post Office to purchase current stamp issues as souvenirs. The museum sometimes displays rare postal errors and limited editions that are of particular interest to serious collectors.
Exploring the Treasures of Vatican City
Vatican City may be the world’s smallest sovereign state, but as we’ve seen through these 50 remarkable places, it contains an astonishing concentration of artistic, historical, and spiritual treasures. From the transcendent beauty of the Sistine Chapel to the hidden depths of the Vatican Necropolis, from magnificent St. Peter’s Basilica to the peaceful Vatican Gardens, this tiny nation offers experiences that can inspire, educate, and move visitors from around the world.
Whether you’re drawn by religious devotion, artistic appreciation, historical interest, or simple curiosity, Vatican City rewards thoughtful exploration. Many of its most famous attractions deserve repeated visits to fully appreciate their depth and significance, while its lesser-known sites offer quieter but equally enriching experiences away from the crowds.
As you plan your Vatican adventure, remember that staying connected is essential for navigating these complex sites, accessing audio guides, and sharing your experiences. Get an Egypt eSIM to ensure reliable connectivity throughout your Mediterranean journey. And to make the most of your visit, find the best deals on flights and hotels so you can spend more time exploring and less time worrying about logistics.
With proper planning, an open mind, and a sense of wonder, your journey through Vatican City will be an unforgettable experience that connects you to centuries of human creativity, faith, and history.
